Question 1

In allergy sufferers, histamine causes runny noses, red eyes, and other symptoms. Here is its structural formula.

a. Give the chemical formula for this compound.

C5H9N3

b. Circle the amine functional groups in histamine.

c. Which part (or parts) of the molecule make the compound water-soluble?

The amine functional groups that have at least 1 hydrogen atom attached to the nitrogen atom, as they are able to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules.

Question 2

Antihistamines are widely used drugs for treating symptoms of allergies caused by reactions to histamine compounds. This class of drug competes with histamine, occupying receptor sites on cells normally occupied by histamine. Here is the structure for a particular antihistamine. 

a. Give the chemical formula for this compound.

C16H21N3

b. What similarities do you see between this structure and that of histamine (shown in the previous question 1) that would allow the antihistamine to compete with histamine?

They both have N-C-C backbone and a heterocyclic ring which can allow the antihistamine compete with histamine.

Question 3

Consider this statement. “Drugs can be broadly classed into two groups: those that produce a physiological response in the body and those that inhibit the growth of substances that cause infections.” Into which class does each of these drugs fall?

Drugs that produce a physiological response in the body:

Aspirin, Morphine, Estrogen, Amphetamine

Drugs that inhibit the growth of substances that cause infections:

(Keflex) Antibiotic, Penicillin

Question 4

Herbal or alternative medicines are not regulated in the same way a prescription or OTC medicines. In particular, the issues of concern are identification and quantification of the active ingredient, quality control in manufacture, and side effects when the herbal remedy is used in conjunction with another alternative or prescription medicine.

a. What do you think is the evidence from herbal supplement manufacturers that address these issues?

Manufacturers have claimed that they must abide by ethical manufacturing practices to ensure that the supplements are processed consistently and achieve high quality standards. These regulations are enforced to keep the unwanted ingredients and contaminants, such as pesticides and lead, out of supplements, as well as ensure that the right ingredients are included in appropriate amounts.

b. Do you know anything about Singapore’s legislation on the topic? 

A medical certificate issued by traditional chinese medicine practitioners along with prescription of herbal medicine is not recognised as an official leave of absence.